Conceptual Design of Ice Detection/Mitigation System Based on Infrared Thermography

Slides from a presentation held at MULTIPHYSICS 2022, a conference organised by The International Society of Multiphysics, in Oslo, Norway, 15-16 December 2022. https://www.multiphysics.org/home.Ice accretion has been a persisting issue in cold regions and poses a threat to onshore and offshore infrastructure, especially to sensitive equipment and personnel safety. Thermal infrared imaging (thermography) can be used as a non-destructive, non- invasive technique to determine the presence and thickness of ice over a surface. The paper presents early-stage experiment results with a FLIR® Lepton 2.5 radiometric thermal IR camera (resolution 80 X 60) to detect the presence of freshwater and marine ice of different types. Other environmental effects are also studied qualitatively, and corresponding results are validated against a high-speed, high-resolution FLIR® T1030sc thermal IR camera. The presented results are the first step in detecting and mitigating ice on flat surfaces. The discussed technique will lead to the development of autonomous, remote, energy-efficient ice detection and mitigation system

A review of infrared thermography applications for ice detection and mitigation

Ice accretion on various onshore and offshore infrastructures imparts hazardous effects sometimes beyond repair, which may be life-threatening. Therefore, it has become necessary to look for ways to detect and mitigate ice. Some ice mitigation techniques have been tested or in use in aviation and railway sectors, however, their applicability to other sectors/systems is still in the research phase. To make such systems autonomous, ice protection systems need to be accompanied by reliable ice detection systems, which include electronic, mechatronics, mechanical, and optical techniques. Comparing the benefits and limitations of all available methodologies, Infrared Thermography (IRT) appears to be one of the useful, non-destructive, and emerging techniques as it offers wide area monitoring instead of just point-based ice monitoring. This paper reviews the applications of IRT in the field of icing on various subject areas to provide valuable insights into the existing development of an intelligent and autonomous ice mitigation system for general applications

Outcomes Among Patients with Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infection After Vaccination.

BACKGROUND: Breakthrough infections after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination have been reported. Clinical outcomes in these persons are not widely known. METHODS: We evaluated all vaccinated persons with breakthrough infection ≥14 days after the second vaccine dose and unvaccinated controls matched on age, sex, nationality, and reason for testing between December 23, 2020 and March 28, 2021 in Qatar. Our primary outcome was severe disease defined as hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, or death. RESULTS: Among 456 persons cases of breakthrough infection and 456 unvaccinated matched controls with confirmed infection, median age was 45 years, 60.7% were males, and ≥1 comorbid condition was present in 61.2% of the vaccinated and 47.8% of the unvaccinated persons (P=0.009). Severe disease was recorded in 48 (10.5%) of the vaccinated and 121 (26.5%) of the unvaccinated group (P40-60 years, HR 2.32; >60-70 years, HR 4.34; >70 years, HR 5.43); presence of symptoms at baseline (HR 2.42, 95%CI 1.44-4.07); and being unvaccinated (HR 2.84, 95%CI 1.80-4.47). CONCLUSIONS: In persons with breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection, increasing age is associated with a higher risk of severe disease or death, while vaccination is associated with a lower risk. Presence of comorbidities was not associated with severe disease or death among persons with breakthrough infection

Conceptual design of cost-effective ice detection system based on infrared thermography

Ice accretion has been a persisting issue in cold regions and poses a threat to both onshore and offshore infrastructure, especially to sensitive equipment and personnel safety. Thermal infrared imaging (thermography) can be used as a non-destructive, non-invasive technique to determine the presence and thickness of ice over a surface. This paper presents early-stage experiment results with a FLIR® Lepton 2.5 radiometric thermal IR camera (resolution ) to detect ice. Other technical aspects are also studied qualitatively, and corresponding results are validated against a high-speed, high-resolution FLIR® T1030SC thermal IR camera. The presented results are the first step in detecting and mitigating ice on flat surfaces. This technique may lead to the development of autonomous, remote, economical ice detection and mitigation system

2-[(E)-(Naphthalen-2-yl)iminomethyl]phenol

In the title compound, C17H13NO, the azomethine double bond adopts an E conformation. The naphthyl ring system and the benzene ring form a dihedral angle of 8.09 (10)°. The near-planar conformation of the molecule is consolidated by an intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond, which forms an S(6) ring. In the crystal, molecules are arranged in a zigzag fashion parallel to the c axis

Study of ice accretion on wind turbine blade profiles using thermal infrared imaging

Atmospheric icing has been recognized as hindrance in proper utilization of good wind resources in cold regions. There is a growing need to better understand the ice accretion physics along wind turbine blades to improve its performance and for optimal design of anti/de-icing system. This article describes a study of ice accretion along wind turbine blade profiles using thermal infrared imaging. Surface temperature distribution along four different blade profile surfaces is studied at different operating conditions. Analysis shows that surface temperature distribution along blade profile surface during ice accretion process is a dynamic process and change in atmospheric conditions and blade geometric characteristics significantly affects the surface temperature and resultant ice accretion. The effect of blade geometry on ice accretion is more prominent in case of wet ice conditions due to low freezing fraction and water run back along blade profile surface

The quality of patient care in oncology departments in Karachi, Pakistan: Patients\u27 perceptions

Purpose: This study aims to assess the quality of care among adult oncology patients in tertiary care hospitals in Karachi by using an international standard of quality of care and to identify domains where improvement is needed.Design/methodology/approach: This is a cross-sectional study carried out at two tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan, belonging to private and public sector, respectively, between February and April 2018. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a modified questionnaire having five-point Likert scale questions regarding satisfaction of patients with doctors, nursing staff, information provided and the hospital standards. SPSS 20 was used for statistical analysis, and the results were expressed using mean, frequencies, percentages and p-values.Findings: The authors approached 415 patients, out of which 389 patients agreed to participate in the study. For both hospitals, the lowest mean scores were for sections pertaining to satisfaction with psychosocial support and information provided. The mean satisfaction score of patients from the private hospital were found to be significantly higher as compared to patients from the public hospital for all domains of patient care (p-value \u3c 0.01 using t-test for two independent samples). The data showed an increasing trend of satisfied responses as the household income increased.Research limitations/implications: A comparative study should be conducted with the aim of pinpointing the differences in areas in which there is a significant difference in positive satisfaction levels between private and public sectors. Similar research could also be expanded adding other variables that affect quality of care such as doctor\u27s approach to their patients, time given during each consultation and patient\u27s understanding of doctor\u27s knowledge. Further studies can be done to bridge the gaps between what a doctor views as standard care and what the patient knows will help them receive a more holistic approach to care.Practical implications: Assessing the quality of care helps determine gaps in care and allocating health resources accordingly. In clinical practice, emphasis needs to be given on increased duration and improved quality of patient counselling to improve the low satisfaction levels of patients regarding the psychosocial support. Addressing patients\u27 concerns should be made part of clinical teaching from an undergraduate level. As far as patient access to doctors of the specific speciality is concerned, hospital managements should adopt systems to ensure continuum of care and come up with mechanisms to bridge the discrepancy between a patient\u27s needs and doctor availability.Social implications: After being identified as a major deficiency, training doctors in the sensitivities of the population and demographics, especially with respect to socio-economic statuses, can aid in enhancing patient satisfaction to the treatment. Implementation of patient-centred care leads to greater satisfaction with care, which, in turn, increases a patient\u27s self efficacy in managing important aspects of their care and improves health care-related quality of life.Originality/value: Cancer patients have long-term exposure to the hospital environment. A patient\u27s satisfaction with the quality of care is an important determinant in patient compliance to the treatment protocol and required hospital visits. There is a dearth of research on the outpatient quality of care in the oncology departments in Karachi. This study provides an overview of the quality of care available to cancer patients in Karachi both in public and private sectors. The results of our study identify the gaps in the quality of care being provided to the patients in a developing country like Pakistan, which can be used to improve the quality of care, leading to better patient outcomes